What Google’s Project Aristotle Taught Us About Psychological Safety

In 2012, Google launched a multi-year research initiative to answer a deceptively simple question: What makes a team effective?

Known as Project Aristotle, the effort brought together data analysts, psychologists, and organizational experts to study over 180 teams within Google. Their goal: to identify the traits that consistently made some teams outperform others.

The Surprising Finding: It Wasn’t About Who, But How

Project Aristotle revealed that the composition of a team (e.g. seniority, education, background) mattered far less than how the team worked together.

And the single most important dynamic?
Psychological safety - the belief that team members feel safe to take interpersonal risks, speak up, admit mistakes, and challenge ideas without fear of embarrassment or punishment.

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Why Psychological Safety Matters

Teams with high psychological safety are more likely to:

  • Share ideas freely

  • Acknowledge mistakes

  • Learn from each other

  • Take smart risks

  • Adapt quickly

In contrast, when psychological safety is low, teams tend to stay silent - even when they see problems or have valuable input.

This aligns closely with the work of Harvard Business School professor Amy C. Edmondson, whose academic research laid the foundation for understanding psychological safety in teams.

Connecting Project Aristotle to Our Work

At The Fearless Organization Scan, we build on this research to offer validated scans that help organizations understand how psychological safety is experienced in real time - across teams, roles, and levels.

Our tools help turn the insights from studies like Project Aristotle into actionable, measurable improvements.

More about Google's Project Aristotle in this The New York Times piece

Curious how psychological safety shows up in your own organization?

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